Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay
Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de una licencia de uso y distribución CC BY 4.0. Para ver una
copia de esta licencia visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 54
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay
Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de una licencia de uso y distribución CC BY 4.0.
Para ver una copia de esta licencia visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Utilization of Sawdust Ash as an additive of cement in concrete and study of
its mechanical properties
Utilización de Ceniza de Aserrín como aditivo del cemento en hormigón y estudio
de sus propiedades mecánicas
Utilização da Cinza de Serragem como aditivo de cimento em concreto e estudo de
suas propriedades mecânicas
Ifrah Asif
1
(*), Muhammad Ubair Hussain
2
, Abdul Arham Khan
3
,
Muhammad Ashar
4
, Muhammad Usman
5
, Zain Shahid
6
Recibido: 24/08/2023 Aceptado: 08/03/2024
Summary. - The sustainability of the concrete industry is in jeopardy because it is one of the biggest consumers of
natural resources. Environmental and monetary issues are the main difficulties the concrete industry is currently dealing
with. In this study, the potential substitution of sawdust ash for cement in the production of concrete is explored. In
this project, the potential substitution of sawdust ash for cement in concrete production was explored, a typical
carpentry waste, and then we utilize several testing techniques to examine how it impacts the mechanical characteristics
of concrete. In an experiment, the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete samples made with various
ratios of sawdust ash and cement were examined. The samples were made following ASTM C-109, ASTM C-496 and
ASTM C-78 for compression, tensile and flexural testing. In place of cement, saw dust ash was added to the M-15 (M
indicates ‘mix’ and 15 indicates compressive strength of 15MPA) sample in weight percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, and 25%. The concrete samples were tested to ascertain their compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths after
14 days. Comparisons between the results and untreated concrete were done. In this study, the behavior of concrete
was investigated when sawdust ash was replaced for cement to weight-based extents of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%.
This could address the problem of how to dispose of sawdust ash while also enhancing the properties of concrete.
Keywords: Tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength of concrete, sawdust ash, concrete cubes,
sustainable construction.
(*) Corresponding Author
1
Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan), ifrahasif@neduet.edu.pk,
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7551-2199
2
Senior Undergrad Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan),
ubairhussain130@gmail.com, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4120-8559
3
Senior Undergrad Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan),
khanarham123@gmail.com, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8487-4235
4
Senior Undergrad Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan),
asharmuhammad196@gmail.com, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4686-0412
5
Senior Undergrad Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan),
usmanahmed5987@gmail.com, ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2267-6385
6
Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology (Pakistan), zainshahid@neduet.edu.pk,
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4447-0143
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 55
Resumen. - La sostenibilidad de la industria del hormigón está en peligro porque es uno de los mayores
consumidores de recursos naturales. Las cuestiones medioambientales y monetarias son las principales dificultades a
las que se enfrenta actualmente la industria del hormigón. En este estudio se explora la potencial sustitución de cenizas
de aserrín por cemento en la producción de hormigón. En este proyecto, se exploró la posible sustitución de cenizas
de aserrín por cemento en la producción de concreto, un desperdicio típico de carpintería, y luego utilizamos varias
técnicas de prueba para examinar cómo afecta las características mecánicas del concreto. En un experimento, se
examinaron las resistencias a la compresión, la tracción y la flexión de muestras de hormigón elaboradas con diversas
proporciones de ceniza de aserrín y cemento. Las muestras se fabricaron siguiendo las normas ASTM C-109, ASTM
C-496 y ASTM C-78 para ensayos de compresión, tracción y flexión. En lugar de cemento, se añadió ceniza de aserrín
a la muestra M-15 (M indica "mezcla" y 15 indica resistencia a la compresión de 15 MPA) en porcentajes en peso de
5%, 10%, 15%, 20% y 25%. Las muestras de concreto fueron ensayadas para determinar sus resistencias a
compresión, tracción y flexión después de 14 días. Se realizaron comparaciones entre los resultados y el hormigón sin
tratar. En este estudio, se investigó el comportamiento del concreto cuando se reemplazó la ceniza de aserrín por
cemento en proporciones basadas en peso de 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% y 25%. Esto podría abordar el problema de cómo
eliminar las cenizas de aserrín y al mismo tiempo mejorar las propiedades del hormigón.
Palabras clave: Resistencia a la tracción, resistencia a la compresión, resistencia a la flexión del hormigón, cenizas
de aserrín, cubos de hormigón, construcción sostenible.
Resumo. - A sustentabilidade da indústria do betão está em perigo porque é um dos maiores consumidores de recursos
naturais. As questões ambientais e monetárias são as principais dificuldades com que a indústria do betão enfrenta
actualmente. Neste estudo, é explorada a potencial substituição da cinza de serragem por cimento na produção de
concreto. Neste projeto, foi explorada a potencial substituição da cinza de serragem por cimento na produção de
concreto, um típico resíduo de carpintaria, e em seguida utilizamos diversas técnicas de testes para examinar como
isso impacta às características mecânicas do concreto. Em um experimento, foram examinadas as resistências à
compressão, tração e flexão de amostras de concreto feitas com diversas proporções de cinza de serragem e cimento.
As amostras foram confeccionadas seguindo ASTM C-109, ASTM C-496 e ASTM C-78 para ensaios de compressão,
tração e flexão. No lugar do cimento, cinza de serragem foi adicionada à amostra M-15 (M indica 'mistura' e 15 indica
resistência à compressão de 15MPA) em porcentagens em peso de 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% e 25%. As amostras de
concreto foram testadas para verificar suas resistências à compressão, tração e flexão após 14 dias. Foram feitas
comparações entre os resultados e o concreto não tratado. Neste estudo, o comportamento do concreto foi investigado
quando a cinza de serragem foi substituída por cimento em extensões de peso de 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% e 25%. Isto
poderia resolver o problema de como descartar as cinzas de serragem e, ao mesmo tempo, melhorar as propriedades
do concreto.
Palavras-chave: Resistência à tração, resistência à compressão, resistência à flexão do concreto, cinza de serragem,
cubos de concreto, construção sustentável.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 56
1. Introduction. - Concrete, the most common building material globally, is composed of cement, water, and
aggregate. Its production requires significant energy and carbon, generating 5-10% of annual anthropogenic
emissions. Efforts to reduce cement emissions and make it greener have been ongoing due to the environmental impacts
of global warming.[1]. Since sawdust is a byproduct of the timber industry and is frequently seen as waste, using
sawdust composite in buildings is relevant since it can function as a sustainable resource. However, it offers a
sustainable substitute for conventional building materials like steel or concrete by incorporating sawdust into
composite materials. It is also feasible to modify the construction process' carbon footprint by using sawdust[2].While
scientists, researchers, people, and governments are sincerely trying to find solutions for these top global concerns,
they pose a serious threat to our ecosystem on a worldwide scale [3].
One of the main causes of climate change is human activity, which has detrimental effects on the environment such as
increasing sea levels, heat waves, global temperatures, and the melting of permafrost. The most widely used building
material, concrete, is overused worldwide and accounts for 7% of emissions of carbon dioxide from human activity.
The issue is exacerbated by the growing population and demand for concrete, which in turn affects cement output.
Building expenses have gone up as a result of this, especially in developing countries. [4].Cement production, a major
contributor to global emissions, also depletes limestone reserves. In the past, river sand was the most often used
option for the fine aggregate component of concrete, but overuse of the material has raised environmental hazards,
lowered the availability of trustworthy river sand sources, and increased the material's cost [5].
One of the most often utilized building materials is concrete. Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water are
the components of concrete. One of the greatest adhesives for concrete is cement, which is harmful to the environment.
During the production of Portland cement, more carbon dioxide and other potentially hazardous greenhouse gases are
emitted into the atmosphere. [4] Manufacturing releases carbon dioxide, which adds to global warming and other
environmental problems like dust pollution and ozone layer thinning [6]. Almost 3 billion tons of Portland cement are
consumed each year, and for every 600 kg of cement manufactured, 400 kg of carbon dioxide gas is created.
On the other hand, as a result of present expansion and housing demands, consumption of the individual components
of concrete has gradually improved. The cement business works around the clock to supply the demand from
consumers. Moreover, quarrying for natural aggregates is problematic. Natural aggregates' natural sources are quickly
vanishing, according to a recent analysis of their use. Alternative means of maintaining natural aggregates should be
investigated to avoid damage to the environment from aggregate quarrying and the effects on the cement industry [7].
The effective plan to reduce environmental impact while also lowering energy, cost, and waste emission is to use extra
cementitious materials as a partial replacement for cement mortar and concrete [5]. Many trials on extra binders or
cement replacement are ongoing to address the aforementioned. As a result, municipal, industrial, commercial, and
agricultural wastes with significant cementitious properties were utilized as potential non-conventional building
materials [8].
Communities should consider using locally available materials for building houses, as demand for cement and natural
sand increases. Waste materials, like fly ash, slag, limestone powder, siliceous minerals, and saw dust ash, can reduce
production costs, increase concrete strength, and reduce environmental impact[4]. Researchers from all over the world
have used a range of various materials to partially or completely replace the components of concrete. Nonetheless, the
contradictory results show that more research is still needed to enhance the general public's understanding of the use
of such items. This study suggests switching some of the cement with sawdust ash. Several sawdust ash volumes are
used. To assess the impact of using sawdust ash as a partial replacement for cement, the compressive and tensile
strengths of concrete specimens are assessed [7].
Sawdust is produced as a byproduct or waste during several stages of the production of timber, including as sawing,
planning, routing, drilling, sanding, and joinery. Small, irregular wood chips or merely microscopic wood particles
make up this waste stream. Sawdust is frequently spilled, fired, or landfilled in an open area [9]. Sawdust burning
increases greenhouse gas emissions and adds to the burden in landfills [10]. Sawdust, an organic waste, is a result of
the mechanical shaping and size of wood (timber). The dust is often burned for home heating. The final result is a kind
of pozzolana called saw-dust ash (SDA). Concrete made from dry sawdust is 30% lighter than regular concrete and
features insulate similar qualities to those of wood. When the ratios of cement to sawdust are right, it is not combustible.
The use of sawdust concrete as a key building material provide a purpose [11].
Sawdust, which is made up of tiny pieces of wood, is a result of using a saw or other tool to cut, compress, or otherwise
process another material. Moreover, it is a side effect of some animals that reside in wooded area. The daily process
of chopping wood results in additional wood waste being produced. The sawdust exhibits both pozzolanic and
cementitious abilities [12]. It is possible to replace conventional cement with sawdust ash, which is created when
sawdust burns at a high temperature and contains a considerable portion of silicate and aluminate. A few studies have
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 57
looked into the use of sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial substitute for cement in concrete mixtures [9], [13], [14].
This study indicates changing some of the cement with sawdust ash. Several sawdust ash doses are applied. In a bid to
assess the impact of using sawdust ash as a partial replacement for cement, the compressive and tensile strengths of
concrete specimens are assessed [7]. Inappropriate handling of wood ash could result in adverse effects on the
environment and human health. Since cement is the most expensive component of concrete, using it instead of SDA
might save a lot of money on construction. [12]. The sawdust for this investigation was gathered from sawmills. To
prevent sand and sawdust from mixing, the Sample was carefully assembled. The acquired sample was open burned
in a metal container until it was burnt to ash. After cooling, the sawdust ash (SDA) was ground in a mortar and pestle.
To determine the yield and conduct tests to measure the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of saw dust ash-
containing concrete [15].
In this study, cement was replaced with sawdust ash in weight-based proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%.
The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete specimens were examined. Implementing eco-friendly
practices and technologies can reduce the carbon footprint of cement production, which contributes to 5-10% of annual
emissions, promoting sustainable development, and responsible resource management.
2. Methodology. –
2.1 Cement and Aggregates. - The entire project was built with regular Portland cement. Clean river sand that had
been put through a no.4 sieve and was kept on a no. 200 screen was used to make the fine aggregates used throughout
the project. The stone that had been physically crushed and stored on no. 4 sieves was used to make the coarse
aggregates.
2.2 Saw Dust Ash. - Sawdust Ash is a by-product created when the wood is sawed, ground, drilled, sanded, or
otherwise processed into powder. Little pieces of wood are present inside. For this project, sawdust from a local
workshop had to be collected. To minimize sand contamination, samples were painstakingly taken by tightly stuffing
fresh sawdust ash samples into bags. To speed up the burning process, the obtained sawdust was exposed to the sun
for ten days. The gathered sawdust samples were burned to ashes in a drum. After cooling, the ash was pulverized and
is being used in research. Table 1 lists the chemical makeup of sawdust, and Table 2 lists its physical traits.
Chemical Property
SDA% by weight
Ph
11.12
SiO2
50.20
AL2O3
1.02
Fe2O3
14.23
CaO
5.45
MgO
0.09
MnO
5.60
Na2O
0.07
K2O
9.57
P2O5
0.56
SO3
0.58
Table I. Chemical Composition of Sawdust ash [11]
Property
Values
Specific Gravity
2.19
Loose bulk Density (kg/m³)
1040
Loss in Ignition (%)
4.30
Yield (%)
3.00
Moisture Content (%)
0.30
Table II. Physical Properties of Saw dust ash [12]
2.3 Mixture Design and Sample Preparation. - The six concrete combinations that will be the subject of this study
will each have a specific composition that is detailed in Table 2. Sawdust ash (SDA) will substitute for Portland cement
(PC) at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% SDA. One of the mixtures is referred to as (0SDA), which denotes the
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 58
absence of SDA. The mixture ID indicates the percentage of PC that have been replaced with SDA. As an example,
the term 20SDA refers to a concrete mixture in which 20% of the Portland cement is replaced by SDA. In each of the
combinations water was used for mixing and curing the concrete.
The dry ingredients were mixed for 4 minutes for each formulation before the water was added gradually while the
mixture was still going on. After all the water was added, the mixture was again mixed. When the fresh properties of
the mixtures were tested, the fresh mixture was poured into the pre-oiled mold for various tests to be performed. After
around 24 hours, the samples were demolded, and they were then cured in water for 14 days. The whole data is
displayed in Table 3.
The concrete grade that was used was M-15, which used cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates in ratios of
1:2:4 (1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand, and 4 parts of coarse aggregate) under ASTM C-109 and had a water to cement
ratio of 0.65.
Concrete Mix Design
Saturated Surface Dry Aggregates
%
Cement
Fine
Aggregates
Course
Aggregates
Water
Pure
Cement
Saw Dust
Ash
kg
kg
kg
kg
ml
0%
1.375
0
2.75
5.5
893.75
5%
1.30625
0.06875
2.75
5.5
893.75
10%
1.2375
0.1375
2.75
5.5
893.75
15%
1.16875
0.20625
2.75
5.5
893.75
20%
1.1
0.275
2.75
5.5
893.75
25%
1.03125
0.34375
2.75
5.5
893.75
Table III. Concrete Mix Design
2.4 Casting of Specimens. - Different types of specimens are casted for this experimental research study.
2.4.1 Concrete Specimens for Compressive Testing. - 18 concrete specimens in the shape of 6”x 6” cubes were
prepared for compressive strength testing. The specimens included varying levels of sawdust ash replacement for
cement, specifically at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The concrete specimens prepared for Compressive testing
has volume of 216, 205.2 at 0 %, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%
respectively when using these percentages of cement.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 59
Concrete Specimens (Cube)
Mixture Type
Compressive Strength
Testing Specimen
No. of Specimen
for 14 Days of Curing
0%
3
5%
3
10%
3
15%
3
20%
3
25%
3
Table IV. Number of concrete specimens for compressive testing
Figure I. Representation of concrete for compressive testing
2.4.2 Concrete Specimens for Tensile Testing. -18 concrete specimens in the shape of 6”x 6” cylinders were prepared
for tensile strength testing. The specimens included varying levels of sawdust ash replacement for cement, specifically
at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The concrete specimens prepared for tensile strength testing has volume of
200.74, 190.703 at 0 %, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25% respectively when using mentioned percentages of cement.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 60
Concrete
Specimens
(Cylinder)
Mixture Type
Tensile Strength
Testing Specimen
No. of Specimen For
14 Days of Curing
0%
3
5%
3
10%
3
15%
3
20%
3
25%
3
Table V. Number of concrete specimens for tensile testing
Figure II. Representation of concrete for tensile testing
2.4.3 Concrete Specimens for Flexural Testing. - 18 concrete specimens in the shape of beams were prepared for
flexural strength testing. The specimens included varying levels of sawdust ash replacement for cement, specifically
at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The concrete specimens prepared for flexural strength testing has volume of
320, 304 at 0 %, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% respectively when using
mentioned percentages of cement.
Concrete Specimens (Beam)
Mixture Type
Flexural Strength
Testing Specimen
No. of Specimen For
14 Days of Curing
0%
3
5%
3
10%
3
15%
3
20%
3
25%
3
Table VI. Number of concrete specimens for flexural testing
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 61
Figure III. Representation of concrete for flexural testing
2.5 Tests on Fresh Concrete. - The slump test, following ASTM C143, assesses the workability of concrete by
measuring the difference between initial height and final settlement. It helps adjust mix design and placement
techniques, ensuring proper construction processes and better-quality structures.
.
2.6 Tests on Hardened Concrete. - Split tensile, compressive, and flexural strength tests were conducted for hardened
concrete.
2.6.1 Compressive Strength Test. - The compressive strength test is a fundamental mechanical test used to determine
the ability of a material to withstand compressive loads without failing or undergoing deformation. It is a critical
property for materials that are subjected to compressive forces, such as concrete, masonry, rocks, ceramics, and metals.
The compressive strength of the material was calculated by dividing the total load on the specimens by the area of the
specimen. The following equation can be used to find the Compressive Strength (ASTM C-109).
Compressive Strength = P/A
Where, P = Optimum Weight in Pounds. A= Area of Cross Section.
To calculate Compressive Strength in kPa:
Compressive Strength = Compressive Strength x 6.895
(in kPa) (in Psi)
Figure IV. Experimental Setup of Compression Test of Concrete Specimens by UTM
2.6.2 Tensile Strength Test. - The tensile strength test is a mechanical test used to determine the maximum amount
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 62
of tensile (pulling) force a material can withstand before it breaks or deforms. It is an essential test in materials science
and engineering to evaluate the strength and quality of various materials. The following equation was used to get the
Splitting Tensile Strength (ASTM C 496).
Tensile Strength = (2P)/(πld)
Where,
T = Tested specimen’s tensile strength.
P = Maximum Load in Pounds.
L = Specimen’s Length.
d = Specimen’s Diameter.
To calculate Tensile Strength in kPa :
Tensile Strength = Tensile Strength x 6.895
Figure V. Experimental Setup of Tensile Strength Test of Concrete Specimens by UTM.
2.6.3 Flexural Strength Test. - The flexural strength test, also known as the modulus of rupture test or bending
strength test, is a mechanical test used to determine the strength and behavior of a material when subjected to bending
forces. It is commonly performed on brittle materials such as ceramics, concrete, glass, and some types of polymers.
The test involves applying a three-point or four-point bending load to a rectangular or cylindrical specimen. The below
mentioned equation of rupture modulus (ASTM C-78) was used:
R = (Pl)/ (bd2)
Where,
R = Rupture modulus of the tested specimen.
P = Force exerted on tested specimen.
L = Specimen’s length.
B = Specimen’s width at the fracture of the test specimen.
D = Specimen’s depth at the fracture of the test specimen.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 63
Figure VI. Experimental Setup of Flexural Strength Test of Concrete Specimens by UTM.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Fresh Concrete. - As the levels of sawdust ash rose, the slump values also rose. Because they don't absorb as
much water as cement, the sawdust ash particles in the concrete mix are more workable than cement.
3.2 Compressive Strength Results of Concrete. - Compressive strength tests on the concrete sample were performed
after 14 days of curing. Specimens were created of a 6” x 6” cube and kept inside the curing container of water
following ASTM C-109. The cubical specimens have a height of 6 inches (152.4mm) and a width of 6 inches
(152.4mm). Three Specimens of each of the different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15 %, 20%, and 25%) were evaluated
on a compression testing machine at 14 days of curing. The compressive strength of the material was calculated by
dividing the total load on the specimens by the area of the specimen. There were 4 samples of 6” cubes for every
mixture type (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of SDA). In this research, the specimen has a 36 cross-sectional
area. Table 7 presents the experimental result of compressive strength of concrete for 14 days respectively.
S. No
Replacement with
Saw Dust Ash (%)
Strength (psi)
Average
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
psi
kPa
1
0%
1530
1373.90
1498.80
1467.56
10118.8
2
5%
1312.5
1500
1343.75
1385.41
9552.44
3
10%
1812.5
1781.25
1718.75
1770.83
12209.9
4
15%
1312.5
1250
1281.25
1281.25
8834.2
5
20%
1200
1156.25
1281.25
1212.5
8360.18
6
25%
1093.75
1137.5
1156.25
1129.16
7785.6
Table VII. Compressive strength of concrete at 14 days.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 64
Figure VII. Graphical representation of compressive strength of concrete at 14 days.
The compressive strength of concrete is influenced by factors such as water demand, particle size distribution, chemical
reactions, and aggregate-paste bonding. Higher SDA content can lead to increased water demand, reducing
compressive strength. Unfavorable particle size distribution can mix compactness and strength. Chemical interactions
between SDA and cement can either improve or damage compressive strength. The bond between aggregates and paste
is crucial for overall concrete strength, and SDA can negatively affect it. A balance of factors, such as water demand,
particle size, beneficial chemical reactions, and strong aggregate-paste bonding, can result in better compressive
strength after 14 days, exhibiting maximum compressive strength at 10 % and continues declination at increasing %
of SDA.
3.3 Tensile Strength Results of Concrete. - At 14 days of curing, the concrete specimens of the split tensile strength
test were evaluated. The split tensile strength test specimens of 4in. (102 mm) in diameter and 8 in. (203 mm) in length
respectively were cast. According to ASTM C 496, the specimens were tested using a compression testing machine.
There were 3 samples of 4x8-inch cylinders for every mixture type (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of SDA). In
this research, the specimen has a 12.5 cross-sectional area, 0.65 water-cement ratio, and 1:2:4 cement sand and coarse
aggregate ratio. Table 8 represents the experimental result of the concrete strength of split tensile cylinders for 14 days
respectively.
S. No
Replacement with
Saw Dust Ash (%)
Strength (psi)
Average
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
psi
kPa
1
0%
223.
62
232.566
219.14
9
225.11
1552.13
2
5%
192.
31
199.02
183.36
191.56
1320.80
3
10%
174.
42
176.88
170.62
173.97
1199.52
4
15%
165.
47
164.136
152.06
160.55
1107
5
20%
143.
11
134.172
144.90
140.72
970.26
6
25%
122.
99
129.70
119.86
124.18
856.22
Table VIII. Tensile strength of concrete at 14 days.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
10118.80
9552.44
12209.90
8834.20
8360.18
7785.60
1 2 3 4 5 6
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Replacement with Saw Dust Ash (%) Average kPa
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 65
Figure VIII. Graphical representation of tensile strength of concrete at 14 days.
The causes behind the strength trends in concrete with altered SDA replacement levels include factors like water
demand and mix properties. Higher SDA content may increase water demand, affecting workability and hydration,
which lowers strength. The particle size distribution of SDA influences mix compactness and uniformity, impacting
workability and strength. Additionally, the interaction between sawdust ash and cement can disrupt crucial hydration
and pozzolanic reactions, affecting overall strength. Lastly, the bond between aggregates and paste in the concrete mix
can be impacted by SDA content, contributing to the observed trend of declination in tensile strength.
3.4 Flexural Strength Results of Concrete. - For the flexural strength test, the rupture modulus was evaluated after
14 days of curing. Three specimens for each mixture type were molded at the time of casting. Beam samples were 20
inches long and had a cross-sectional dimension of 4 inches by 4 inches (101.6 mm × 101.6 mm × 508 mm). Samples
were kept in a water container for storage. In accordance with ASTM C 78, specimens were tested utilizing 3rd-point
loading, and the rupture modulus was obtained. There were two beams for every mixture (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,
and 25% of SDA) that were cast to test at 14 days of curing. In this research, the specimen has 16 in 2 cross-sectional
areas, 0.65 water-cement ratio, and 1:2:4 cement sand and coarse aggregate ratio. Table 9 represents the experimental
result of beams of flexural for 14 curing days.
S. No
Replacement with Saw
Dust Ash (%)
Strength (kPa)
Average
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
kPa
1
0%
3350
3310
3400
3353
2
5%
3046
3075
2950
3023
3
10%
3800
3831
3940
3857
4
15%
3010
2915
2960
2961
5
20%
2460
2550
2390
2466
6
25%
1970
2050
1925
1981
Table IX. Flexural strength of concrete at 14 days.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1552.13
1320.8
1199.52
1107
970.26
856.22
1 2 3 4 5 6
TENSILE STRENGTH
Replacement with Saw Dust Ash (%) kPa
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 66
Figure IX. Graphical representation of flexural strength of concrete at 14 days
Concrete strength trends vary with different levels of Sawdust Ash (SDA) due to reasons like water demand, particle
size distribution, chemical reactions, and aggregate-paste bonding. Higher SDA content can increase water demand,
affecting workability and hydration, and reducing strength. Particle size distribution affects mix compactness and
uniformity. Chemical interactions between SDA and cement can either improve or decrease strength, with pozzolanic
reactions potentially improving it and disrupting hydration processes potentially reducing it. The bond between
aggregates and paste is crucial for overall flexural strength, showing maximum strength at 10% and further declines
with increasing % of SDA.
4. Conclusion. - Following are the concluding remarks from this research study.
• The use of sawdust ash in concrete provides additional environmental as well as other technical benefits for
all related industries. Partial replacement of cement with sawdust ash reduces the cost of concrete
manufacturing.
• The results of the compressive test have indicated that the strength of concrete has shown a reduction of 5.60
%, 12.70 %, 17.38 % and 23.06 % at 5 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 % of SDA with concrete mix respectively.
While, the compressive strength has increased to 20.67 % at 10 % of the concrete mix. Therefore, 10% gives
the best result for the compressive strength test after 14 days of curing of the specimens.
• The results of the split tensile strength test have indicated that the strength of concrete decreases as the amount
of percentage of SDA increases in the concrete mix. That is 0% gives the best result for the split tensile
strength test after 14 days of curing of the specimens.
• The results of the flexural strength test have indicated that the strength of concrete has exhibited a reduction
of 9.84 %, 11.69 %, 26.45 % and 40.92 % at 5 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 % of SDA with concrete mix respectively.
However, the flexural strength has increased to 15.03 % at 10 %. Hence 10% gives the best result for the
flexural strength test after 14 days of curing of the specimen.
• There is a significant reduction in the density of concrete with the increase in the percentage of sawdust in
the concrete.
• Sawdust ash can be used as a cement replacement due to its pozzolanic properties as seen in some of the
strength tests conducted. Thus, sawdust ash can replace cement in the concrete up to a certain degree without
compromising the concrete strength.
To summarize it can be stated that adding SDA to a fresh concrete mix allows for an increase in both compressive and
flexural strength at a rate of 10%. Tensile strength, on the other hand, declines as SDA levels in the concrete mix rise.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
3353
3023
3857
2961
2466
1981
1 2 3 4 5 6
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Replacement with Saw Dust Ash (%) kPa
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 67
References
[1] B. Meko and J. O. Ighalo, “Utilization of Cordia Africana wood sawdust ash as partial cement replacement in C 25
concrete,” Cleaner Materials, vol. 1, p. 100012, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.clema.2021.100012.
[2] B. C. Olaiya, M. M. Lawan, and K. A. Olonade, “Utilization of sawdust composites in construction—a review,”
SN Appl. Sci., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 140, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s42452-023-05361-4.
[3] T. Skytt, S. N. Nielsen, and B.-G. Jonsson, “Global warming potential and absolute global temperature change
potential from carbon dioxide and methane fluxes as indicators of regional sustainability – A case study of Jämtland,
Sweden,” Ecological Indicators, vol. 110, p. 105831, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105831.
[4] A. O. I. and T. E. O. F. C. Onyeka, “Design and Production of Concrete Kerbs for Pavement Construction Made
with Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement,” Sep. 2023, doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.8353259.
[5] S. N. C. Deraman, M. A. D. A. Rashid, S. A. Saad, N. Md. Husain, and S. A. Masjuki, “Effects of durian sawdust
as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1144, no. 1, p. 012027,
May 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1144/1/012027.
[6] S. Praveenkumar and G. Sankarasubramanian, “Mechanical and durability properties of bagasse ash-blended high-
performance concrete,” SN Appl. Sci., vol. 1, no. 12, p. 1664, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-1711-x.
[7] A. Mwango and C. Kambole, “Engineering Characteristics and Potential Increased Utilisation of Sawdust
Composites in Construction—A Review,” JBCPR, vol. 07, no. 03, pp. 59–88, 2019, doi: 10.4236/jbcpr.2019.73005.
[8] O. Arowojolu, E. Fanijo, and A. Ibrahim, “Behavior of kernelrazzo floor finish in aggressive chloride
environment,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 11, p. e00256, Dec. 2019, doi:
10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00256.
[9] B. C. Olaiya, M. M. Lawan, and K. A. Olonade, “Utilization of sawdust composites in construction—a review,”
SN Appl. Sci., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 140, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/s42452-023-05361-4.
[10] U. Udokpoh and C. Nnaji, “Reuse of Sawdust in Developing Countries in the Light of Sustainable Development
Goals,” Recent Prog Mater, vol. 05, no. 01, pp. 1–33, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.21926/rpm.2301006.
[11] B. N. AL-Kharabsheh, M. M. Arbili, A. Majdi, J. Ahmad, A. F. Deifalla, and A. Hakamy, “A Review on Strength
and Durability Properties of Wooden Ash Based Concrete,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 7282, Oct. 2022, doi:
10.3390/ma15207282.
[12] W. M. Tawfeeq, H. Alaisaee, Y. Almoqbali, A. Alsaadi, and K. Almaqbaliy, “Structural Performance of
Reinforced Cement Concrete Beam with Sawdust,” KEM, vol. 913, pp. 155–167, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-70t5ev.
[13] P. O. Awoyera, A. Adesina, and R. Gobinath, “Role of recycling fine materials as filler for improving performance
of concrete - a review,” Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 85–95, Jul. 2019, doi:
10.1080/14488353.2019.1626692.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 68
[14] A. Sivakrishna, A. Adesina, P. O. Awoyera, and K. Rajesh Kumar, “Green concrete: A review of recent
developments,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 27, pp. 54–58, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.202.
[15] E. E. Teker Ercan, L. Andreas, A. Cwirzen, and K. Habermehl-Cwirzen, “Wood Ash as Sustainable Alternative
Raw Material for the Production of Concrete—A Review,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 2557, Mar. 2023, doi:
10.3390/ma16072557.
I. Asif, M. Ubair Hussain, A. Arham Khan, M. Ashar, M. Usman, Z. Shahid
Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 26 (2024). pp. 54-69
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.26.4
ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106 – Universidad de Montevideo, Uruguay 69
Nota contribución de los autores:
1. Concepción y diseño del estudio
2. Adquisición de datos
3. Análisis de datos
4. Discusión de los resultados
5. Redacción del manuscrito
6. Aprobación de la versión final del manuscrito
IA ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
MUH ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
AAK ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
MA ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
MU ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
ZS ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
Nota de aceptación: Este artículo fue aprobado por los editores de la revista Dr. Rafael Sotelo y Mag. Ing. Fernando
A. Hernández Gobertti.
