Effect of Fiber Angle on Mechanical Properties of the Natural
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Through Numerical Analysis
Efecto del ángulo de fibra
sobre las propiedades mecánicas del polímero reforzado de fibra natural a
través del análisis numérico
Efeito do ângulo de fibra nas propriedades mecânicas do
polímero reforçado com
fibra natural por meio de análise
numérica
Syed Anas Nisar[1], Tariq Jamil[2]
Recibido: 01/06/2023 Aceptado: 23/07/2023
Summary. - This study focuses on the mechanical behavior
of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPs), which are gaining
prominence as sustainable materials due to their biodegradability and
eco-friendliness. In this study, we aimed to gain a profound understanding of
the mechanical behavior of selected NFRPs. Static structural analysis was
conducted to simulate tensile effects, while vibrational analysis was performed
to predict natural frequencies. The results indicated that all fibers exhibited
minimum stress at the 67.5° angle and maximum stress at the 22.5° angle during
tensile testing. Additionally, minimum deformation occurred at the 0° angle,
whereas maximum deformation was observed at the 67.5° angle. Interestingly, the
NFRPs exhibited similar natural frequencies for the lower modes (1st and 2nd),
with negligible alterations due to fiber angles. The core aim of this study is
to showcase the practicality and viability of the investigated NFRPs by
employing sophisticated finite element analysis to anticipate their material behavior
beforehand, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of the natural frequencies,
stresses, and deformations with traditional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(CFRP) composites, thereby exploring the potential of NFRPs as feasible
alternatives.
Keywords: Natural
Fiber; Composite Materials; Numerical Analysis; Structure Analysis; Vibrational
response.
Resumen. - Este estudio se centra en el comportamiento mecánico
de los compuestos de polímeros reforzados con fibra natural (NFRP), que están ganando
prominencia como materiales sostenibles debido a su biodegradabilidad y
eco-amistad. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue obtener una comprensión
profunda del comportamiento mecánico de las NFRP seleccionadas. El análisis
estructural estático se realizó para simular los efectos de tracción, mientras
que el análisis vibratorio se realizó para predecir las frecuencias naturales.
Los resultados indicaron que todas las fibras exhibieron estrés mínimo en el
ángulo de 67.5 ° y el estrés máximo en el ángulo de 22.5 ° durante la prueba de
tracción. Además, se produjo una deformación mínima en el ángulo de 0 °,
mientras que se observó una deformación máxima en el ángulo de 67.5 °.
Curiosamente, los NFRP exhibieron frecuencias naturales similares para los modos
inferiores (1 y segundo), con alteraciones insignificantes debido a ángulos de
fibra. El objetivo central de este estudio es mostrar la practicidad y la
viabilidad de los NFRP investigados al emplear un análisis sofisticado de
elementos finitos para anticipar su comportamiento material de antemano, lo que
permite una comparación integral de las frecuencias naturales, tensiones y
deformaciones con el polímero reforzado con fibra de carbono tradicional.
(CFRP) Compuestos, explorando así el potencial de las NFRP como alternativas
factibles.
Palabras clave: Fibra natural; Materiales compuestos; Análisis
numérico; Análisis de estructura; Respuesta vibratoria.
Resumo. -
Este estudo se concentra no comportamento
mecânico dos compósitos
poliméricos reforçados com
fibra natural (NFRPs), que estão
ganhando destaque como materiais
sustentáveis devido à sua biodegradabilidade e eco-filidade. Neste estudo, pretendemos obter uma profunda compreensão do comportamento mecânico dos NFRPs selecionados. A análise estrutural estática foi realizada para simular efeitos
de tração, enquanto a análise vibracional foi realizada
para prever frequências naturais.
Os resultados indicaram que todas
as fibras exibiram tensão
mínima no ângulo de 67,5 ° e tensão
máxima no ângulo de 22,5 ° durante o teste de tração. Além disso,
ocorreu deformação mínima
no ângulo de 0 °, enquanto
a deformação máxima foi
observada no ângulo de 67,5 °. Curiosamente, os NFRPs exibiram frequências naturais semelhantes para os modos inferiores (1º e 2º), com alterações desprezíveis devido a ângulos de fibra. O objetivo central deste
estudo é mostrar a praticidade
e a viabilidade dos NFRPs
investigados, empregando uma
análise de elementos finitos sofisticados para antecipar seu comportamento
material de antemão, permitindo
uma comparação abrangente das frequências naturais, tensões e deformações com polímero de fibra
de carbono tradicional (CFRP) Compostos, explorando assim o potencial dos NFRPs como
alternativas viáveis.
Palavras-chave: Fibra
natural; Materiais compostos;
Análise numérica; Análise
de estrutura; Resposta
vibracional.
1. Introduction. – In
response to the continuous advancements in technology, there is a discernible
global shift towards achieving enhanced durability while simultaneously
reducing the weight-to-strength ratio of materials. In this context, fibers
have emerged as exceptionally robust components, offering notable durability
without compromising the overall weight of the material [1]. Consequently,
composites have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional alloys,
presenting the potential to exhibit comparable mechanical properties while
significantly reducing material consumption [2]. In recent decades, Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Composites (CFRP) have witnessed widespread adoption,
revolutionizing critical mechanical applications across industries such as
aerospace, automotive, and renewable energy. Their exceptional
strength-to-weight ratio and superior mechanical performance have led to their
utilization in vital components ranging from rockets and aircraft to
automobiles and wind turbines [3]. However, with the rapid increase in the
demand for CFRP; the resources in need to produce these composites are also
under question. The availability of minerals is declining rapidly thus
emphasizing the stakeholders to shift to sustainable materials. Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Composite (NFRP) is attracting many scientists and
researchers around the world to develop low-cost, biodegradable recyclable, and
environmentally friendly material. Moreover, they are of lower cost as well.
Thus, in recent decades, scientists have considered NFRP a substitute for
existing CFRP.
The exponential surge in demand for CFRP has
prompted a critical examination of the resources necessary for their
production. The alarming depletion of mineral resources has galvanized
stakeholders to urgently pursue sustainable alternatives. Consequently, NFRP
has emerged as a focal point captivating the attention of scientists and
researchers globally. This interest stems from their potential as highly
cost-effective, biodegradable, recyclable, and environmentally benign materials
[4]– [7]. Notably, NFRPs offer the dual advantage of being ecologically
sustainable and economically viable. Thus, scientific communities have
increasingly considered NFRPs as a compelling substitute for conventional CFRPs
across a wide array of applications. The market share of NFRP has rocketed high
and has already crossed the threshold of $5.83 billion by 2019 [8]. In this
regard, numerous researchers are working around the globe to investigate the
physical properties of NFRP to have a better understanding of the material thus
leading to its application in various potential aspects of engineering. C.M.
Meenakshi and A. Krishnamoorthy conducted a comparative analysis on polyester
composites reinforced with glass, natural, and hybrid fibers. Their findings
indicated that natural fiber-reinforced composites demonstrated favorable
performance characteristics [9]. C. Alves et al. conducted a life cycle
assessment analysis on the replacement of glass fibers with jute fibers as
reinforcement in composite materials for automotive structural components. The
study focused on the environmental performance of the buggy's enclosures as a
case study. The findings revealed that the use of jute fiber composites offered
the most effective solution in enhancing the environmental performance of the
enclosures, thereby contributing to the improved environmental performance of
the entire vehicle [10]. In an extensive
inquiry conducted by Paul Wambua et al., the mechanical properties of
polypropylene composites reinforced with Sisal, Hemp, Coir, Kenaf, and Jute
fibers were meticulously scrutinized. The primary objective was to discern the
impact of varying fiber volume fractions on the composite's performance. The
findings yielded intriguing revelations. Elevated fiber volume fractions
exhibited a pronounced augmentation in both tensile strength and modulus.
Significantly, the investigation evinced that the mechanical properties of the
natural fiber composites exhibited a favorable equivalence to glass mat
polypropylene composites. Intriguingly, in certain instances, the specific
properties of the natural fiber composites even outperformed those of glass
[11].
NFRP is composed of two vital components which are
natural fiber and matrix [12]. Natural fibers are mainly extracted from plants and they could be from plentiful plants thus each
fiber has its own capabilities. Thus, a variety of natural fibers such as
Kenaf, Banana, Jute, Hemp, and PaLF have the
prospectus to provide a stand-in for glass and carbon fibers. Introducing
matrix resin and reinforcing it with fibers considerably rises the properties
of the material. For reinforcing the natural fibers with polymer, it could
either be a thermosetting polymer or thermoplastic. Thermoset polymers are of
significant modulus and of high strength. Thermoset polymers undergo a
crosslinking process during curing, which leads to the formation of
irreversible chemical bonds. Thermoset polymers do possess desirable traits
such as dimensional stability and, in certain cases, cost-effectiveness [13],
[14]. Polyester resins are used widely
for glass fiber-reinforced composites due to low cost, performance properties,
and their easy processing techniques with fillers and reinforcements Polyester
polymer is a viable option that has notable mechanical properties [15]. The mechanical properties of NFRP are based
on various parameters such as angle pf fibers and stacking sequence. Ashwin
Sailesh et al. conducted an experimental investigation on natural fiber
composites reinforced with Kenaf, Aloe Vera, and Jute fibers. The study focused
on exploring the influence of different stacking sequences of the fibers on the
mechanical properties of the composite material. By conducting comprehensive
mechanical testing on the fabricated composites, the researchers determined
that the stacking sequence of the fibers plays a crucial role in determining
the resulting properties of the composite material [16]. Moreover, the
mechanical properties of NFRP are also dependent on the volume fraction and
fiber angle of the fibers. A comprehensive analysis conducted by A. Shalwan and B.F. Yousif explored the mechanical and
tribological characteristics of polymeric composites reinforced with natural
fibers. The study revealed that crucial factors such as surface
characteristics, volume fraction, physical properties, and fiber angle
significantly influence the mechanical and tribological performance of these
composites. Moreover, the researchers established that the inherent nature of
the fibers exerts direct control over the mechanical and tribological behavior
exhibited by the composites [17]. Numerous studies have illuminated the
profound influence of volume fraction and fiber angle on the mechanical
behavior of NFRPs It has been established that these composites exhibit a
remarkable sensitivity to alterations in both volume fraction and fiber angle.
The fiber angle, ranging from 0° to 90°, emerges as a critical parameter that
imparts transformative effects on the material properties. Even the slightest
deviation of a single degree can instigate drastic changes in the resulting
properties of the composites [18]– [22].
Testing all aspects of NFRPs is expensive and
requires bulky funding so examining the properties using modeling and
simulation can be a subtle substitute that can offer a much more accurate
result which might be validated using experimental results in later stages.
There are several tools to perform modeling and simulation of composites
however ANSYS provides various features to feature the actual model, moreover,
it is flexible and can be automated as per requirement. Over its workbench,
finite element analysis and modal analysis can be carried out simultaneously.
Certainly, performed numerical analysis over it is in an acceptable variation
compared with the experimental result. The exhaustive evaluation of NFRPs
entails exorbitant costs, demanding substantial financial allocations. However,
a resourceful alternative lies in the meticulous scrutiny of their properties
through the utilization of modeling and simulation techniques, furnishing a
cost-effective substitute that yields highly precise outcomes. Amidst the
myriad of tools available for composite modeling and simulation, ANSYS emerges
as a preeminent choice, distinguished by its unparalleled versatility and
adeptness in faithfully replicating real-world models. The inherent flexibility
of ANSYS's workbench allows for the concurrent execution of finite element
analysis and modal analysis, affording a comprehensive assessment of the
intricate behavioral dynamics exhibited by NFRPs. Significantly, the numerical
analyses conducted within the ANSYS framework demonstrate an impressive
concurrence with experimental results, thus affirming the unwavering fidelity
and accuracy of the simulation outcomes [23].
Shivanshu Dixit et al. conducted a meticulous finite
element analysis on hybrid composites reinforced with various fibers. ANSYS
Mechanical APDL was employed to prepare a precise 3D model for simulation. Five
distinct combinations of hybrid composites were constructed, incorporating
Banana, Jute, Carbon, Cactus, and Glass fibers, each possessing unique
properties. The models were created
with different angles of the fibers to examine their effects. The specimen models
were dimensioned at 200 x 200 mm with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. A vertically
compressive force of 200 KN was applied to 17 nodes in the specimens. Several
characteristics, including x-component rotation, y-component rotation,
z-component rotation, x-direction deformation, y-direction deformation,
z-direction deformation, x-component stress, and y-component stress, were
assessed for comparative analysis among the composite materials. Moreover, the
specimens were differentiated based on their angle. Through meticulous
scrutiny, it was determined that the combination of carbon and glass fibers
exhibited the most favorable deformation characteristics, particularly when
arranged in the following sequence: 0°/45°/0°/-45°/0°/90°/0°/45°/0°/-45°. This
specific arrangement showcased the optimum alignment of individual fibers,
resulting in minimal deformation of the composite material [24]. Rakesh Potluri
et al. undertook a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical characteristics of
green composites based on Okra Fiber, employing finite element analysis (FEA)
and theoretical comparisons. Additionally, hybrid laminates combining banana
and kenaf fibers were investigated using FEA. A total of six distinct composite
laminates were meticulously fabricated, featuring varied angles and stacking
sequences. The objective was to thoroughly examine the influence of these
factors on the mechanical properties of the composites. The study established
that an augmentation in the volume fraction of the fiber corresponded to a
significant enhancement in the composite's strength. Remarkably, among all the
laminates investigated, the composite with a stacking sequence of 0°/0°/0°/0°
emerged as the exemplar of strength, exhibiting the highest mechanical prowess.
These compelling findings underscore the pivotal role played by fiber volume
fraction and the optimal stacking sequence in shaping the mechanical behavior
of green composites based on Okra Fiber and hybrid laminates incorporating
banana and kenaf fibers [25]. Siva Bhaskara Rao Devireddy et al. conducted an
extensive study examining the influence of fiber geometry and the
representative volume element (RVE) on the elastic and thermal properties of
unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites. The focus of the investigation was
on glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites featuring unidirectional fiber
alignment. Using ANSYS software, the researchers constructed an RVE model to
analyze the composite properties. They plotted and analyzed curves illustrating
the relationship between fiber loading and the longitudinal modulus, Poisson's
ratio, transverse modulus, and in-plane shear modulus. Additionally, they
generated curves to investigate the effects of volume fraction on thermal
conductivity. This study provides valuable insights into the effects of fiber
geometry and the representative volume element on the mechanical and thermal
properties of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites [26].
Vibrational analysis plays a crucial role in
understanding the dynamic behavior and structural performance of composite
materials. By analyzing natural frequencies, mode shapes, and responses to
various vibration types, researchers gain insights into resonance phenomena,
critical frequency ranges, and potential deformations or failures within the
material. This knowledge ensures the safety, reliability, and longevity of
composite structures under real-world conditions. Integrating vibrational
analysis into research methodologies enables a comprehensive understanding of
composite mechanical properties, facilitating optimized design and durability
evaluation for advanced composite-based products. Hamed Akhavan et al.'s study
focused on investigating natural frequencies and mode shapes in variable
stiffness composite laminate plates with curvilinear fibers. By considering
manufacturing constraints, they determined maps of natural frequencies based on
fiber angles. The significance of this research lies in its exploration of
vibrational analysis, which unveils the potential of using curvilinear fibers
to achieve desired vibrational characteristics. By comprehensively
understanding the effects of fiber angles on natural frequencies and mode
shapes, this study offers valuable insights for optimizing the design and
performance of variable stiffness composite laminates in various engineering
applications [27].
Although a great deal of work has already been done
on natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites with circular cross-sections of
fiber, a combination of natural fibers (Kenaf, Banana, Jute, Hemp, and PaLF) with resin polyester is hardly been
reported. To end this, the objective of the present work is to develop a
three-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) with hexagonal packing
geometry with circular fiber cross sections. A numerical homogenization
technique based on finite element analysis was used to evaluate the elastic
modulus and vibrational of the composite. NFRPs are compared with CFRP. The
primary objective of this study is to showcase the practicality and viability
of the investigated NFRPs by employing the powerful tool of finite element
analysis to predict their material behavior beforehand. The intention is to
explore the potential of NFRPs as feasible alternatives to traditional Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymer CFRP composites.
2.
Methodology. –
2.1. Material Modeling. – In pursuit of this research endeavor, a discerning process was undertaken
to meticulously select the constituents of the composite materials. The natural
fibers, including Banana, Jute, Hemp, Kenaf, and PaLF,
were meticulously chosen, while the matrix material of resin polyester was
purposefully selected. Before embarking on the finite element analysis of the
NFRPs, it was of paramount importance to ascertain the precise mechanical
properties of both the natural fibers and the resin matrix.
The resin polyester exhibited a formidable elastic
modulus of 3E09 Pascals and an inherent density of 1200 kg/m3 [28]. These
intrinsic properties serve as crucial determinants in delineating the
mechanical behavior of the composite material, exerting a profound influence on
its overall performance and functionality. Table 1, a comprehensive repository
of knowledge, meticulously encapsulates the intricate mechanical properties of
the carefully selected natural fibers, namely Banana, Jute, Hemp, Kenaf, and PaLF. These meticulously documented properties serve as a
gateway to unlocking the inherent characteristics and potential impacts of the
individual fibers on the composite material's performance.
By
meticulously scrutinizing and documenting the precise mechanical properties of
the natural fibers and resin matrix, this research work unearths a profound and
comprehensive understanding of the composite material's behavior and
intricacies. Such profound insights serve as an invaluable reservoir of
knowledge, empowering researchers and engineers to
optimize the design, performance, and durability of Natural Fiber Reinforced
Polymers, thus propelling advancements in diverse engineering applications.
Table I. Mechanical
properties of unidirectional fiber
The present
investigation adopts the Mori-Tanaka (MT) approach as the homogenization
concept for assessing the effective transversely isotropic properties exhibited
by a composite material composed of a two-phase polymer and fiber. By employing
the MT approach, the study aims to evaluate and analyze these properties in a
rigorous scientific manner. In this investigation, a representative volume
element (RVE) was meticulously assembled to maintain a fiber volume fraction
range of 30% within a polymeric matrix as shown in Figure 1. The model assumes
isotropic characteristics for both the natural fibers and polyester, allowing
for an in-depth analysis of the mechanical properties and behavior of the
composite system. This methodological approach ensures a comprehensive and
scientifically sound evaluation of the material's response [39].
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Figure I. Representative volume element of
hexagonal array with circular fibers. |
2.2. Numerical
Analysis. – The primary aim of this study was to undertake
an extensive investigation into the mechanical behavior of NFRPs through a
meticulously designed and systematic numerical approach. The fabrication
process of the NFRPs involved the meticulous reinforcement of natural fibers
with a resilient resin matrix, ensuring a consistent and optimal volume
fraction of 30%. The ANSYS Material Designer, a powerful software tool
acclaimed for its robust capabilities in accurately quantifying the stiffness
of diverse unidirectional composite materials, was employed to meticulously
construct the composite [40]. Subsequently, the composite material was exported
and subjected to further processing within the ANSYS ACP, a highly
sophisticated platform meticulously engineered to cater specifically to the
complex demands of composite lamination [41]. The influence of the fiber angle
on the mechanical properties of the composite was accounted for, leading to the
creation of multiple composite configurations, each characterized by distinct
fiber angles, including 0°/0°/0°/0°, +22.5°/-22.5°/+22.5°/-22.5°,
45°/-45°/45°/-45°, +67.5°/-67.5°/+67.5°/-67.5°, and 90°/90°/90°/90°, measured
with precision relative to the horizontal axis. The ensuing simulation phase
entailed the meticulous execution of a series of intricate analyses,
encompassing tensile testing and vibrational analysis.
With
painstaking care, the material properties of the natural fibers and polyester
resin were manually inputted into the ANSYS database, thereby ensuring the most
accurate representation of the composite material. For the purposes of modeling
and analysis, the composite material was assumed to possess isotropic
properties, thereby simplifying the complex calculations and intricate modeling
requirements. Within the ANSYS composite module, the meticulous construction of
a 4-ply laminate ensued, with each ply of the composite possessing a precisely
uniform thickness of 2.5 mm, aligned with the specific fiber angle
configuration. The culmination of these precise and intricate construction
methods yielded the creation of a cantilever beam, characterized by precise
dimensions of 10 x 10 x 100 (height, width, and length), as eloquently
illustrated in Figure 1. The proposed numerical analysis methodology represents
an indispensable and meticulously crafted approach, enabling the comprehensive
exploration of the mechanical behavior of the NFRPs. By ensuring the most
precise representation of the composite material properties and facilitating
Evaluations under diverse loading conditions, this approach empowers
researchers to gain a profound understanding of the composite's intricate
performance characteristics and mechanical responses.
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Figure II. CAD model of the cantilever
beam. |
In order to conduct a
comprehensive simulation, the cantilever beam was subjected to a specific
boundary condition. At one end of the beam, a rigid fixation was implemented to
ensure immobilization, while the other end was intentionally left free to
enable unrestricted movement. This configuration enabled the exploration of the
beam's dynamic behavior and response. To analyze the modal characteristics of
the beam, a modal analysis was performed. This involved investigating the
various vibrational modes exhibited by the beam and determining their
corresponding frequencies. By examining these modes and frequencies, a deeper
understanding of the beam's natural oscillations and resonant behavior was
attained.
Furthermore, the tensile
behavior of the cantilever beam was thoroughly investigated. To assess its
response under tensile loading, a precisely controlled force of 100 N was
meticulously applied to the beam. This force was chosen to represent a specific
loading condition of interest. By subjecting the beam to this controlled
tensile force, the structural response and deformation characteristics could be
precisely observed and analyzed. Through the tensile testing, various
parameters such as stress distribution and deformations were determined. This
enabled a comprehensive evaluation of the beam's mechanical properties,
including its ability to withstand applied forces and resist deformation.
Additionally, harmonic response analysis was conducted to explore the beam's
behavior under periodic excitation. By applying harmonic forces at 0 Hz to
10,000 Hz, the dynamic response and resonance characteristics of the beam were
examined. This analysis provided insights into the beam's vibration modes and
natural frequencies.
By undertaking these
simulations and analyses, a comprehensive understanding of the cantilever
beam's structural behavior, dynamic characteristics, and response to loading
conditions was obtained. Such insights are crucial for designing and optimizing
beam structures in various engineering applications.
3. Results and discussions. –
3.1. Vibrational Analysis. – Harmonic analysis of NFRPs was meticulously conducted
using the advanced ANSYS software. A cantilever beam with fixed support was
subjected to a 100 N tensile force, and the harmonic response was analyzed over
a frequency range from 0 Hz to 10,000 Hz. The resulting frequency-amplitude
graph allowed us to record the maximum deformation at each corresponding
frequency, as summarized in Table 2.
Table II. Max amplitude (m) at
corresponding frequencies (Hz) at various angles of NFRPs
The comprehensive examination
of these results unveiled the distinctive frequency responses displayed by each
natural fiber composite. Notably, at fiber angles of 0° and 22.5°, CFRP
exhibited higher levels of deformation compared to NFRPs. However, at 45° fiber
angle, Hemp, Jute, and PaLF demonstrated larger
deformations than CFRP. Furthermore, for fiber angles of 67.5° and 90°, PFRP
displayed higher deformations than CFRP, while the remaining NFRPs exhibited
lower deformations.
In light of these findings, it
is evident that NFRPs showcase varied responses to harmonic loading, making
them suitable candidates for diverse engineering applications. The comparative
analysis against CFRP serves as a crucial benchmark, aiding in the informed selection
of composite materials based on their harmonic behavior. This insight paves the
way for optimizing the design and performance of NFRPs in real-world scenarios,
ensuring their effective utilization as promising alternatives to traditional
CFRP composites.
In pursuit of utilizing
Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymers (NFRPs) as a viable substitute for Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) in various applications, it is imperative to
ascertain the natural frequencies. Neglecting this crucial aspect may lead to
potential damages caused by resonance phenomena within the composite
structures. Therefore, a meticulous analysis of natural frequencies becomes
paramount to ensure the structural integrity and reliable performance of NFRPs
in practical engineering scenarios.
In furtherance of the goal to
use NFRPs as a substitute for CFRP for potential applications, natural
frequencies must have to ascertain else the composite can be damaged due to
resonance. Figure 3 represents the comparison of the first eight mode frequencies
of individual fiber-reinforced composites for several angles .
Banana Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (BFRP); natural frequency comparison is represented in Figure 3a. For
BFRP, it was noted that for the first and second modes, individual fibers are
almost next to each other, and for the first, second, and fifth modes, natural
frequencies are close to each individual composite's angle. While switching
from the fifth to the sixth mode, there is a strong incline seen, and for the
sixth, seventh, and eighth mode shapes, there is a plateau for the respective
angle.
Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(HFRP); natural frequency comparison is represented in Figure 3b. For HFRP,
individual fibers were seen to be virtually next to one another for the first
and second modes, and natural frequencies were seen to be close to one another
for the first, second, and fifth modes for all possible angles for individual composites. The transition
from the fifth to the sixth mode is accompanied by a strong gradient,
especially for the 0° angle. Moreover, the natural frequency of 67.5° and 90°
are parallel with each other for every mode shape.
Jute Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(JFRP); natural frequency comparison is represented in Figure 3c. For JFRP, it
was witnessed that the fibers are closely located to each other for the 1st and
2nd modes, and the natural frequencies are almost the same for the 1st, 2nd,
and 5th modes, regardless of the composite's angle. A sudden change is
noticeable when moving from the 5th to the 6th mode. Additionally, the natural
frequency of 67.5° and 90° coincide for all modes.
Kemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer
(KFRP); natural frequency comparison is represented in Figure 3d. For KFRP, it
was detected that the fibers are positioned close to each other for both the
1st and 2nd modes, and the natural frequencies are similarly close for the 1st,
2nd, and 5th modes regardless of the composite
angle. A noticeable change in slope was observed when transitioning from
the 5th to the 6th mode. Additionally, the natural frequencies of the 67.5° and
90° angles are consistently in agreement
with each other for all mode shapes.
PaLF Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (PFRP); natural frequency comparison is represented in Figure 3e. For
PFRP, it was perceived that for the 1st and 2nd modes, individual fibers are
nearly neighboring regardless of the fiber angle and for 1st, 2nd, and 5th
modes, natural frequencies are in close proximity of
every angle of individual composites. A sharp tilt can be viewed when
transforming from the 5th to 6th mode. Moreover, the natural frequency of 67.5°
and 90° are consistent with each other for every mode shape.
Figure 3f is for a comparative
analysis of CFRP with polymers enforce with natural fibers.
A comprehensive comparison
will be presented, examining the vibrational characteristics and mechanical
properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) in contrast to Natural
Fiber Reinforced Polymers (NFRPs) for each angle.
The angle of fiber 0°:
The examination of natural
fiber composite materials in comparison to CFRP cantilever beam, reveals
intriguing variations in their natural frequencies across different modes for
fiber angle of 0°. For lower modes, Jute, Banana, and PaLF
fibers exhibit lower natural frequencies than CFRP, while Hemp and Kenaf fibers
demonstrate higher frequencies. Conversely, for higher modes, jute, Banana, and
PaLF fibers exhibit lower natural frequencies
compared to CFRP, whereas Hemp and Kenaf fibers present higher frequencies.
This profound exploration underscores the pivotal role of fiber selection and
mode classification in elucidating the dynamic behavior of composite materials
at a fiber angle of 0°.
The angle of the fiber 22.5°:
In this meticulous examination
of natural fiber composite materials (NFRP), comprising Jute, Banana, Hemp,
Kenaf, and PaLF fibers, and their comparison to the
CFRP cantilever beam for a fiber angle of 22.5°, intriguing variations in their
natural frequencies across different modes were unveiled. Notably, in all
modes, the natural fibers exhibited lower natural frequencies than the CFRP
counterpart. Hence, for the specific fiber angle of 22.5°, all NFRPs
demonstrated lower mode frequencies when compared to the CFRP cantilever beam.
This revelation underscores the significance of fiber selection and angle
configuration, paving the way for optimized designs and performance in diverse
engineering applications.
The angle of fiber 45°:
The comprehensive vibrational
analysis of NFRPs at a fiber angle of 45° has revealed intriguing findings.
Notably, for the 1st and 2nd modes, both hemp and PaLF
fibers exhibited higher natural frequencies than the CFRP cantilever beam.
Similarly, for the 3rd and 4th modes, Hemp and Kenaf fibers demonstrated
superior natural frequencies compared to CFRP. Furthermore, in the 5th and 6th
modes, Hemp and Kenaf fibers once again displayed higher natural frequencies
than the CFRP counterpart. Remarkably, in the 7th and 8th modes, Hemp fibers
surpassed the natural frequencies of all other materials, including CFRP. These
remarkable outcomes further emphasize the exceptional vibrational
characteristics of Hemp and Kenaf fibers, underscoring their potential for advanced
engineering applications that demand superior performance and structural
integrity at a fiber angle of 45°.
The angle of fiber 67.5°:
The extensive vibrational
analysis of NFRPs at a fiber angle of 67.5° has led to remarkable discoveries.
All NFRPs, including Hemp, PaLF, Banana, Jute, and
Kenaf, exhibited higher natural frequencies than the CFRP cantilever beam. This
compelling evidence highlights the exceptional vibrational characteristics of
NFRPs and positions them as superior alternatives in terms of vibrational behavior
across various modes. Moreover, for the 5th mode, both Banana, Jute and PaLF fibers demonstrated lower natural frequencies than the
CFRP counterpart. These findings underscore the remarkable performance
capabilities of Hemp and Kenaf fibers in managing vibrational responses and
suggest their potential for engineering applications that demand enhanced
stability and reliable performance at a fiber angle of 67.5°.
The angle of fiber 90°:
The meticulous vibrational
analysis of NFRPs at a fiber angle of 90° has yielded intriguing results.
Remarkably, for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th modes, all NFRPs,
exhibited higher natural frequencies than the CFRP cantilever beam. This notable
trend underscores the superior vibrational characteristics of NFRPs in
comparison to CFRP across multiple modes at a fiber angle of 90°. Furthermore,
for the 5th mode, both Hemp and Kenaf fibers demonstrated higher natural
frequencies than the CFRP counterpart. These compelling findings emphasize the
exceptional performance capabilities of Hemp and Kenaf fibers and reaffirm
their potential for advanced engineering applications that necessitate
heightened stability and reliable vibrational response at a fiber angle of 90°.
As the discussion unfolds, a
detailed comparison will be presented, analyzing the distinct vibrational
characteristics and mechanical properties of NFRPs and CFRP across various
angles. This comparative analysis will shed light on the performance disparities
and potential advantages of each material in engineering applications.
|
|
|
Figure III.
Natural frequencies of each composite at 0°/0°/0°/0°,
+22.5°/-22.5°/+22.5°/-22.5°, 45°/-45°/45°/-45°, +67.5°/-67.5°/+67.5°/-67.5°,
and 90°/90°/90°/90° (A) Modal analysis over BFRP (B) Modal analysis over HFRP
(C) Modal analysis over JFRP. (D) Modal analysis over KFRP (E) Modal analysis
over PFRP (F) Modal analysis of CFRP |
3.2. Tensile Test. – In the comprehensive tensile
testing conducted, a meticulous analysis of stress and deformation was
undertaken to discern the intricate mechanical responses exhibited by the
Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymers (NFRPs). The results revealed a remarkable
homogeneity in the response of the NFRPs to the tensile test, shedding light on
their intrinsic mechanical characteristics.
Among
the diverse NFRPs considered in the study, it was observed that those with
fiber angles of 22.5° and 67.5° displayed the most contrasting stress
generation profiles when compared to the samples with different fiber angle
configurations. Notably, these specific angles yielded the worst and best
stress generation, respectively, within the NFRP specimens.
For the
Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP), the von Mises stress generated at a
fiber angle of 22.5° reached 42.2 MPa, while at a fiber angle of 67.5°, it
decreased to 31.8 MPa. The Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer (HFRP) exhibited a
stress of 53 MPa at 22.5°, which decreased to 31.8 MPa at 67.5°. In the case of
the Jute Fiber Reinforced Polymer (JFRP), the stress levels observed were 40
MPa at 22.5° and 31.9 MPa at 67.5°. Similarly, the Kenaf Fiber Reinforced
Polymer (KFRP) displayed stress values of 50 MPa at 22.5° and 31.8 MPa at
67.5°. Lastly, the Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer (PFRP) demonstrated
stress levels of 41.7 MPa at 22.5° and 31.9 MPa at 67.5°. It was concluded that
stresses generated in the NFRPs exponentially increase from 0° with the peak at
22.5° and started gradually decreasing until minimum stress generation at
67.5°.
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|
|
Figure IV. Comparative Analysis of Tensile
Test-Induced Stress: A Graphical Representation. |
The meticulous observations
presented in this analysis offer illuminating insights into the distinctive
stress generation profiles displayed by the Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymers
(NFRPs) at varying fiber angles, as depicted in Figure 4, in comparison with
the reference material, CFRP. The graphical representation unequivocally
illustrates a striking similarity in stress patterns among all NFRPs and CFRP,
with the maximum stress generation consistently occurring at 22.5° and the
minimum at 67.5°. This unequivocal correspondence between NFRPs and CFRP with
respect to stress distribution at different angles leads to a compelling
conclusion: the stress behavior of NFRPs closely aligns with that of CFRP,
regardless of the angle. Such a finding significantly contributes to our
understanding of the mechanical behavior of NFRPs, bolstering their potential
as a viable substitute for CFRP in various engineering applications.
In the realm of deformations,
meticulous observations revealed intriguing patterns within Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polymers (NFRPs) across different fiber angle configurations.
Notably, the samples with fiber angles of 0° and 67.5° exhibited the most divergent
profiles in terms of deformation generation when compared to the specimens with
alternative fiber angle configurations. These specific angles manifested as the
utmost extremes, representing the most favorable and unfavorable conditions for
deformation generation within the NFRP specimens.
Examining the Banana Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (BFRP), a fiber angle of 0° resulted in a deformation of
1.38 mm, whereas at a fiber angle of 67.5°, the deformation significantly
increased to 3.2 mm. Similarly, the Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer (HFRP) displayed
a deformation of 0.68 mm at 0°, escalating to 3 mm at 67.5°. The Jute Fiber
Reinforced Polymer (JFRP) demonstrated deformations of 1.5 mm at 0° and 3.2 mm
at 67.5°. Likewise, the Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer (KFRP) exhibited
deformation values of 0.87 mm at 0° and 3 mm at 67.5°. Lastly, the Pineapple
Leaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer (PFRP) showcased deformations of 1.4 mm at 0° and
3.2 mm at 67.5°. Figure 5 presents a comparative plot of deformations,
depicting the distinct deformation trends across the various fiber angles. The
plot reveals that deformations are minimal at 0°, gradually increasing and
reaching a peak at 67.5°, followed by a slight decline as the fiber angle
approaches 90°.
|
|
|
Figure V.
Comparative Analysis of Deformation Distribution: Visualization of Tensile
Test Results. |
These comparative findings
offer valuable insights into the distinct mechanical behavior of NFRPs,
shedding light on their potential advantages and considerations when compared
to CFRP across various fiber angles. The observed minimal deformation exhibited
by CFRP at angles of 0°, 22.5°, and 45° highlights its superior stiffness in
those configurations. On the other hand, the intriguing results showing lesser
deformation in BFRP and HFRP at angles of 67.5° and 90° emphasize their
potential suitability for applications requiring enhanced flexibility and
resilience. By thoroughly understanding the deformation characteristics of
NFRPs in comparison to CFRP, engineers, and researchers can make informed
decisions regarding material selection for specific engineering applications,
thus advancing the development of robust and optimized composite structures.
4. Conclusion. - In conclusion, our
comprehensive investigation into Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymers (NFRPs) and
their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) has yielded valuable insights into their mechanical
behavior and performance characteristics. The analysis of vibrational behavior
and tensile testing of NFRPs, along with a comparative examination against
CFRP, has provided a profound understanding of their structural integrity and
suitability for diverse engineering applications.
Regarding
vibrational analysis, NFRPs displayed distinct frequency responses across
different fiber angles. Notably, Hemp and Kenaf fibers exhibited exceptional
performance in managing vibrational responses, making them promising candidates
for applications requiring superior stability and reliable performance. The
comparative analysis against CFRP facilitated the informed selection of
composite materials based on their harmonic behavior, guiding engineers in
optimizing designs for specific engineering requirements.
In the tensile test
analysis, it was evident that stress generation in NFRPs was influenced by the
fiber angle, with the highest stress observed at 22.5° and the lowest at 67.5°.
This trend closely aligned with CFRP, highlighting the potential of NFRPs as
viable substitutes in terms of stress distribution. Additionally, the
deformation patterns of NFRPs exhibited varying trends across fiber angles,
with minimal deformation at 0° and increasing deformations towards 67.5°. This
pattern closely matched that of CFRP. These findings enable engineers to tailor
material selection based on the desired level of flexibility and resilience
required for different engineering applications.
Overall, our investigation underscores the significant
potential of NFRPs as cost-effective, environmentally benign, and mechanically
robust materials for various engineering applications. The meticulous material
modeling using the Mori-Tanaka approach and the numerical analysis methodology
has laid the foundation for a deeper understanding of NFRPs' intricate
mechanical properties and behavior. By leveraging this knowledge, engineers can
design and optimize NFRPs for specific applications, making substantial strides
toward sustainable and resilient engineering solutions in the face of evolving
technological demands. As a result, the global shift towards achieving
sustainability in materials can be accelerated, fostering innovation and
progress in diverse industries, including aerospace, automotive, and renewable
energy.
5. Future Work. - In future work, the
focus should be on further research and development of Natural Fiber Reinforced
Polymers (NFRPs). This includes exploring new natural fibers and matrix
materials, optimizing their properties, and improving the manufacturing
process. Understanding the long-term performance of NFRPs under different
conditions and complex loads is essential for real-world applications. Cost and
environmental impact analyses, along with industry standards, will promote
widespread adoption. Incorporating multifunctional properties in NFRP
composites opens up innovative possibilities for
various engineering sectors, contributing to a more sustainable and
technologically advanced future.
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Nota
contribución de los autores:
1.
Concepción y diseño del estudio
2.
Adquisición de datos
3.
Análisis de datos
4.
Discusión de los resultados
5.
Redacción del manuscrito
6.
Aprobación de la versión final del manuscrito
SAN
ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
TJ
ha contribuido en: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6.
Nota
de aceptación: Este artículo fue aprobado por los editores
de la revista Dr. Rafael Sotelo y Mag. Ing. Fernando
A. Hernández Gobertti.