Estudio termomecánico mediante el método de elementos finitos de los efectos de los parámetros de la soldadura SMAW en uniones de aceros disímiles S355J2+N / ASTM A572 Gr.50
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.30.4Palabras clave:
Método de elementos finitos (MEF), Modelo elipsoidal doble de Goldak, SMAW, Mecánica de sólidos, Distribución térmicaResumen
La soldadura por arco metálico protegido (SMAW) se emplea ampliamente en la fabricación de acero estructural; sin embargo, la respuesta termomecánica de las uniones de aceros estructurales disímiles aún no se ha explorado suficientemente mediante modelado numérico. En este estudio, se desarrolla un modelo tridimensional transitorio termomecánico de elementos finitos para investigar la SMAW de placas de acero disímiles S355J2+N y ASTM A572 Grado 50. Se implementa la fuente de calor elipsoidal doble de Goldak para representar el aporte de calor del arco, y se emplea un diseño Box-Behnken para examinar sistemáticamente la influencia de la corriente de soldadura, el voltaje y la velocidad de avance. El análisis se centra en la temperatura máxima, la distorsión fuera del plano y los indicadores de tensión elástica derivados de una formulación termoelástica lineal. Los resultados indican que la corriente de soldadura rige predominantemente la temperatura máxima, mientras que la velocidad de avance tiene la mayor influencia en los gradientes térmicos y el comportamiento de distorsión; el voltaje exhibe un efecto secundario, pero no despreciable, en la distribución del calor. Las tendencias térmicas y de deformación simuladas se comparan con estudios experimentales y numéricos publicados sobre aceros estructurales comparables y muestran un comportamiento cualitativo consistente. Debido a la ausencia de plasticidad, propiedades del material dependientes de la temperatura y validación experimental directa, los resultados de tensión se interpretan únicamente como indicadores cualitativos, en lugar de tensiones residuales físicamente realistas. Este estudio proporciona un marco de sensibilidad termoelástico estructurado basado en el método de elementos finitos (MEF) y el diseño de experimentos para una combinación de aceros estructurales diferentes, no reportada previamente en estudios numéricos de soldadura por arco con electrodo revestido (SMAW). Esto ofrece información práctica para la selección de parámetros para el control térmico y de distorsión en la fabricación de acero estructural.
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