Investigating Tensile & Impact Properties of Recycled Polypropylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polyamide & Polyethylene

Eylia Abbas Jafri; Atif Shazad; Ifrah Asif; Arqam Ahmed Hashmi; Umer Nadeem Abdullah

doi:10.36561/ING.29.6

Autores

Eylia Abbas Jafri National University of Sciences & Technology, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0859-4134
Atif Shazad NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7551-2199
Ifrah Asif University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-7901
Arqam Ahmed Hashmi NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5601-3262
Umer Nadeem Abdullah NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2368-8229

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36561/ING.29.6

Palavras-chave:

Sustentabilidade ambiental, Termoplásticos, Elastômeros, Comportamento mecânico, Conservação de recursos, Aplicações tecnológicas

Resumo

Embora o Paquistão possua abundância de recursos naturais, também enfrenta um desafio significativo com o lixo plástico, produzindo 3,3 milhões de toneladas anualmente. Essa questão ambiental exige ação imediata, especialmente devido ao aumento da demanda por equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) durante a pandemia. Nossa pesquisa visa tornar os termoplásticos mais ecológicos, concentrando-se nas propriedades do polipropileno (PP) reciclado, aprimorado com elastômeros e carbonato de cálcio. Apesar de uma pequena perda nas propriedades de tração e resistência ao impacto, o PP reciclado mantém características importantes. A adição de carbonato de cálcio aumenta notavelmente a densidade, de 908 kg/m³ para o PP reciclado estabilizado para 1029 kg/m³ para uma mistura com 20% de carbonato de cálcio. A análise da deformação total do PVC reciclado e do PVC virgem corrobora nossos resultados, revelando maior deformação no PVC reciclado, o que indica sua ductilidade superior. Além disso, este estudo examinou os efeitos de fibras curtas de aramida e aditivos de poliuretano termoplástico (TPU) na poliamida-12 (PA-12) reciclada. A inclusão de TPU diminuiu o módulo de elasticidade, ao mesmo tempo que aumentou a deformação por tração e a energia de ruptura, enquanto as fibras de aramida aumentaram o módulo. A análise de deformação revelou concentrações significativas de deformação nas seções centrais dessas amostras, ressaltando o impacto desses aditivos no comportamento mecânico. Por exemplo, o PA-12 com 20% de TPU apresentou maior deformação máxima, refletindo suas propriedades de tração aprimoradas. Além disso, nossos estudos de deformação em poli(tereftalato de butileno) com 0% de HDPE e em uma mistura contendo 10% de HDPE demonstraram a influência do teor de HDPE na distribuição da deformação elástica e na deformação total. Os resultados mostraram que a região central sofre deformação elástica substancial, o que é crucial para a compreensão da distribuição de tensões nesses materiais.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

M. Delgado-Aguilar, R. Puig, I. Sazdovski, and P. Fullana-i-Palmer, “Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone Blends: On the Path to Circular Economy, Substituting Single-Use Commodity Plastic Products,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 11, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13112655.

M. Stieglitz, S. Adomeit, M. Müller, K. Hettwer, A. Schlierf, S. Uhlig, S. David, C. Hopmann, and L. Leuchtenberger-Engel, “Model-Based Prediction of the Tensile Properties of Polypropylene Films Made from Recycled Materials,” Polymers, vol. 17, art. no. 1044, 2025, doi: 10.3390/polym17081044.

E. N. Peters, “Engineering Thermoplastics—Materials, Properties, Trends,” in Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., M. Kutz, Ed. William Andrew Publishing, 2017, pp. 3–26, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-39040-8.00001-8.

A. S. Pouzada, E. C. Ferreira, and A. J. Pontes, “Friction properties of moulding thermoplastics,” Polymer Testing, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1017–1023, Dec. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2006.06.009.

Z. He, H. Niu, L. Liu, S. Xie, Z. Hua, and Y. Li, “Elastomeric polyolefin vitrimer: Dynamic imine bond cross-linked ethylene/propylene copolymer,” Polymer, vol. 229, p. 124015, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124015.

D. Boyle, A. I. Catarino, N. J. Clark, and T. B. Henry, “Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic fragments release Pb additives that are bioavailable in zebrafish,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 263, p. 114422, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124015.

A. Poláchová, J. Císař, M. Novák, M. Dušánková, and V. Sedlařík, “Effect of repeated thermoplastic processing of polypropylene matrix on the generation of low-molecular-weight compounds,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 238, p. 111337, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111337.

I.-R. Istrate, R. Juan, M. Martin-Gamboa, C. Domínguez, R. A. García-Muñoz, and J. Dufour, “Environmental life cycle assessment of the incorporation of recycled high-density polyethylene to polyethylene pipe grade resins,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 319, p. 128580, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128580.

Y. A. Gueche, N. M. Sanchez-Ballester, S. Cailleaux, B. Bataille, and I. Soulairol, “Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), a New Chapter in the Production of Solid Oral Forms (SOFs) by 3D Printing,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 8, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081212.

R. Lyons, A. Newell, P. Ghadimi, and N. Papakostas, “Environmental impacts of conventional and additive manufacturing for the production of Ti-6Al-4V knee implant: a life cycle approach,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 787–801, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00170-020-06367-7.

D. Ruggi, C. Barrès, J.-Y. Charmeau, R. Fulchiron, D. Barletta, and M. Poletto, “A quantitative approach to assess high temperature flow properties of a PA 12 powder for laser sintering,” Additive Manufacturing, vol. 33, p. 101143, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101143.

T. Zhiltsova and M. S. A. Oliveira, “Sustainable Polypropylene Blends: Balancing Recycled Content with Processability and Performance,” Polymers, vol. 17, no. 11, art. no. 1556, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.3390/polym17111556.

N. Aliyeva, H. S. Sas, and B. Saner Okan, “Recent developments on the overmolding process for the fabrication of thermoset and thermoplastic composites by the integration of nano/micron-scale reinforcements,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 149, p. 106525, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106525.

M. Chanda, “Chemical aspects of polymer recycling,” Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 133–150, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.002.

P. Brachet, L. T. Høydal, E. L. Hinrichsen, and F. Melum, “Modification of mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene from post-consumer containers,” Waste Management, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2456–2464, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.10.021.

M. Wenguang and F. P. L. Mantia, “Processing and mechanical properties of recycled PVC and of homopolymer blends with virgin PVC,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 759–767, Jan. 1996, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960131)59:5<759::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-U.

D. Ignacio, K. N. Tumu, M. Munshi, K. L. Vorst, and G. W. Curtzwiler, “Suitability of MRF Recovered Post-Consumer Polypropylene Applications in Extrusion Blow Molded Bottle Food Packaging,” Polymers, vol. 15, no. 16, art. no. 3471, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15163471.

D. Tabuani, F. Bellucci, A. Terenzi, and G. Camino, “Flame retarded Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) for cable jacketing application,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 97, no. 12, pp. 2594–2601, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.011.

W. Zhang, J. Shen, X. Guo, K. Wang, J. Jia, J. Zhao, and J. Zhang, “Comprehensive Investigation into the Impact of Degradation of Recycled Polyethylene and Recycled Polypropylene on the Thermo-Mechanical Characteristics and Thermal Stability of Blends,” Molecules, vol. 29, no. 18, art. no. 4499, 2024, doi: 10.3390/molecules29184499.

A. Ghosh, “Performance modifying techniques for recycled thermoplastics,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 175, p. 105887, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105887.

R. Bernatas, S. Dagreou, A. Despax-Ferreres, and A. Barasinski, “Recycling of fiber reinforced composites with a focus on thermoplastic composites,” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, p. 100272, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2021.100272.

M. E. Grigore, “Methods of Recycling, Properties and Applications of Recycled Thermoplastic Polymers,” Recycling, vol. 2, no. 4, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.3390/recycling2040024.

A. Shazad, M. Uzair, and M. Tufail, “Impact of blending of phase change material for performance enhancement of solar energy storage,” Renewable Energy, vol. 227, p. 120530, 2024.

A. Shazad, M. Uzair, T. Jamil, and N. Muhammad, “A Comparative Study on the Joint Hardness and tensile properties of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy using Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Welding,” in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Key Enabling Technologies (KEYTECH 2024), Dec. 2024, pp. 173–178.

J. Jadoon, A. Shazad, M. Muzamil, M. Akhtar, and M. Sattar, “Finite Element Analysis of Composite Pressure Vessel Using Reduced Models,” Tecciencia, vol. 17, no. 33, Jul. 2022.

F. Xie, “Sustainable polymer composites: functionality and applications,” Functional Composite Materials, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, Oct. 2021.

S. Kangishwar, N. Radhika, A. A. Sheik, A. Chavali, and S. Hariharan, “A comprehensive review on polymer matrix composites: material selection, fabrication, and application,” Polymer Bulletin, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 47–87, Jan. 2023.

A. Shazad, J. Jadoon, M. Uzair, and M. Muzammil, “Material modelling and failure study of different fiber reinforced composites for pressure vessel,” Memoria Investigaciones en Ingenieria, no. 24, pp. 92–104, Jun. 2023.

B. L. Fernandes and A. J. Domingues, “Mechanical characterization of recycled polypropylene for automotive industry,” Polímeros, vol. 17, pp. 85–87, 2007.

F. Khan, A. Shakoor, M. B. Afzal, and A. Shazad, “Multi-Infill Strategies for Optimizing Tensile Properties in FDM-Printed PLA+ Components,” Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition, vol. 21, 2021.